The Sparco Black Rear Textured Seat Cushion (MPN: 01031) is an ergonomic accessory designed to improve driver comfort and optimize seating position within a racing seat. This cushion provides critical support to the lumbar or lower back area, helping to reduce fatigue during long track sessions or endurance events.

Constructed with high-density padding and a durable, textured rear surface for better grip against the seat shell, this component allows drivers to fine-tune their cockpit ergonomics. It is a practical solution for racers who need to adjust their reach to the pedals and steering wheel or those seeking a more customized fit in fixed-back bucket seats.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 01031
• Color: Black with textured finish
• Application: Universal fitment for most racing seats
• Enhances ergonomic support and driver positioning
• Lightweight, durable construction for competition use

The Sparco Lumbar Support Cushion (01023NR) provides critical ergonomic support for performance driving and long commutes. This contoured black cushion is engineered to bridge the gap between the driver's lower back and the seat back, promoting better spinal alignment and reducing muscle fatigue during high-G cornering or extended stints behind the wheel.

• Provides targeted lower back support to improve driving posture
• Compatible with most Sparco racing seats and standard automotive bucket seats
• High-density foam construction for consistent shape retention
• Durable fabric finish for long-lasting use in performance environments
• Manufacturer Part Number: 01023NR

Improve your seating ergonomics and lateral support with the Sparco Side Cushion. Designed for use with Sparco competition seats, this cushion (MPN 01022NR) allows for a more tailored fit inside the cockpit, helping to eliminate excess movement during high-G cornering and providing much-needed comfort during long stints on the track.

• Provides additional lateral support for a snug, secure racing fit
• Finished in durable black fabric to match Sparco racing interiors
• Ideal for customizing the lumbar or side bolster area to suit the driver
• Manufacturer Part Number: 01022NR

The Sparco Rev Racing Seat Leg Cushion (01011NR) is a technical replacement component designed to maintain the ergonomic performance and comfort of your Sparco Rev series competition seat. This cushion provides critical support for the driver's thighs and upper legs, helping to reduce fatigue during high-G cornering and extended sessions on the track.

• Specifically engineered for compatibility with Sparco Rev series racing seats
• Constructed with high-density foam for consistent support and shape retention
• Finished in durable black fabric to match original upholstery
• Simple installation allows for quick replacement or cleaning
• Manufacturer Part Number: 01011NR

Bring the heritage of the paddock to your workspace with the Sparco Icon Martini-Racing office chair. This professional-grade seating solution is designed for the automotive enthusiast, blending the ergonomic support of a performance seat with the versatility required for daily office use. As part of the Icon series, this chair is engineered with a lower and wider seat profile to provide superior comfort during extended sessions.

This edition features the world-renowned Martini Racing livery, honoring decades of motorsport excellence. Constructed with the same quality standards Sparco applies to their competition equipment, it provides a stable and durable base for any professional environment or home office.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 00998SPMR
• Series: Icon Martini-Racing
• Ergonomics: Lower, wider seat design for improved comfort
• Base: Heavy-duty swivel base with high-stability casters
• Functionality: Integrated height adjustment and tilt-recline mechanism

The Sparco SPX represents a premium evolution in performance seating, combining the lateral support of a racing shell with the comfort and adjustability required for high-end street use. Handcrafted in Italy, this seat is designed to mirror the aesthetics and material quality found in modern supercars, featuring a sophisticated mix of smooth black leather and perforated Alcantara.

This right-side seat utilizes a precision reclining mechanism to allow for ideal positioning while maintaining the structural integrity needed for spirited driving. The ergonomic shape is engineered to reduce fatigue during long-distance hauls while the Alcantara inserts provide the necessary friction to keep the occupant firmly planted during high-G cornering. It serves as a direct upgrade for enthusiasts seeking a factory-plus interior aesthetic without compromising on performance.

• Upholstered in genuine Italian black leather with perforated Alcantara inserts
• Ergonomic design tailored for both lateral support and long-distance comfort
• Precision reclining adjustment for optimal seating geometry
• Slim backrest profile to maximize interior cabin space
• Manufacturer Part Number: 00974ZNRDX
• Configuration: Right Side

The Sparco SPX Special Edition represents the pinnacle of performance seating, bridging the gap between a dedicated racing shell and a high-performance reclining road seat. This right-side seat features a hand-crafted gloss carbon fiber shell, engineered to provide exceptional rigidity and weight savings for high-performance applications. The Special Edition Black/Red finish adds a striking aesthetic to any interior while maintaining the ergonomic support required for spirited driving and long-distance touring.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 00974ZGLNRRSDX
• Shell Construction: Lightweight Gloss Carbon Fiber
• Adjustment: Precision reclining mechanism with micro-adjustment
• Position: Right (Passenger side for LHD vehicles)
• Finish: Special Edition Black and Red upholstery
• Design: Slim profile compatible with modern performance cockpits

The Sparco GT reclining performance seat (MPN 009012NR) is engineered for drivers who require superior lateral support during spirited driving without sacrificing the adjustability of a street seat. This seat bridges the gap between restrictive factory seating and fixed-back racing buckets, making it an ideal choice for high-performance street builds and weekend track cars.

Built for durability and comfort, the GT features an ergonomic design with high-density padding and deep side bolsters to secure the torso and thighs against lateral G-loads. The precision reclining mechanism allows for fine-tuned positioning, while the bottom-mount configuration ensures compatibility with a wide range of vehicle-specific seat brackets.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 009012NR
• Adjustable reclining mechanism for optimal driving posture
• Deep lateral bolsters for enhanced body retention
• Upholstered in durable black fabric designed for long-term wear
• Bottom-mount installation style
• Ergonomic lumbar and thigh support for long-distance comfort

The Sparco R333 provides a bridge between daily driving comfort and the lateral support required for spirited driving. Featuring a modern, aggressive aesthetic, this seat is designed with deep side bolsters and a sculpted backrest to keep the driver centered during high-G cornering without sacrificing the ease of entry and exit expected from a street-focused reclining seat.

• Model: R333 (2021 Series)
• Color: Black/Red
• Manufacturer Part Number: 009011NRRS
• Double adjustment lever for fast and precise backrest reclining from both sides
• Deep side bolsters for enhanced lateral support
• Compatible with standard 3-point seat belts or 4-point racing harnesses
• Bottom-mount configuration for vehicle-specific seat brackets

This seat is ideal for enthusiasts looking to upgrade their interior with a high-performance look and improved ergonomics. The R333's slim profile makes it an excellent choice for smaller cockpits where space is at a premium.

The Sparco R333 2021 Edition is a high-performance reclining street seat designed for drivers who require significant lateral support without sacrificing the versatility of a daily-driven vehicle. This seat features deep side bolsters and a sculpted cushion to keep the driver centered during spirited driving, while the reclining mechanism provides flexibility for cabin access and ergonomics.

Constructed with premium materials for durability and a modern aesthetic, the R333 integrates seamlessly into performance-oriented interiors. It is designed for use with performance seat brackets and can accommodate various harness configurations.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 009011NRGR
• Series: R333 (2021 Model)
• Color: Black with Grey accents
• Operation: Dual-lever reclining mechanism for precise adjustment
• Compatibility: Suitable for use with 3 or 4-point harnesses
• Mounting: Requires vehicle-specific Sparco seat brackets and sliders for installation

The Sparco R333 Reclining Sport Seat (2021 Edition) provides the ideal balance between track-ready lateral support and daily driving comfort. Engineered with a sculpted backrest and deep side bolsters, this seat is designed to keep the driver securely positioned during high-G cornering while maintaining the ergonomic flexibility required for long-distance road use.

Constructed with a high-quality reclining mechanism, the R333 allows for precise seatback adjustment using dual-sided control knobs. The seat is finished in a durable, breathable black fabric that resists wear and features integrated harness slots to accommodate 3 or 4-point safety harnesses. This bottom-mount seat requires vehicle-specific brackets and sliders for a secure installation into your cabin.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 009011NR
• Series: R333 (2021 Edition)
• Color: Black
• Adjustment: Dual-knob reclining mechanism for precise positioning
• Mounting: Bottom mount configuration
• Compatibility: Integrated harness slots for performance seat belts
• Support: High-bolster design for maximum lateral containment

The Sparco QRT-K racing seat combines high-strength Kevlar construction with Sparco's patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT) to provide a lightweight, rigid seating solution for performance driving. The Kevlar-aramid composite shell is engineered to reduce weight significantly while maintaining the structural integrity required for track use.

Designed for a secure and ergonomic driving position, the QRT-K features a deep seating pocket and pronounced bolsters to maintain driver stability under high-G loads. The QRT manufacturing process ensures a thinner, more consistent shell profile, bridging the gap between fiberglass and carbon fiber performance.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 008027ZNR
• Shell Material: Lightweight Kevlar-aramid composite
• Manufacturing Process: QRT (Quick Resin Technology) for weight optimization
• Seat Type: Fixed-back bucket seat
• Color: Black
• Mounting: Side-mount interface

The Sparco QRT-C (008025ZNR) represents the pinnacle of lightweight competition seating, utilizing Sparco’s patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT) to achieve an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. This seat features a pre-preg carbon fiber shell that significantly reduces mass while maintaining the structural rigidity required for high-performance motorsport applications.

Designed with a compact exterior footprint, the QRT-C is specifically engineered to fit into smaller vehicle cockpits where interior space is limited. The ergonomic shell shape provides superior lateral support during high-G maneuvers, ensuring the driver remains securely positioned. The seat is finished in a durable, fire-retardant black fabric that balances professional aesthetics with track-ready safety.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 008025ZNR
• Shell Material: Ultra-lightweight Pre-preg Carbon Fiber
• Technology: QRT (Quick Resin Technology) manufacturing process
• Upholstery: Black fire-retardant performance fabric
• Design: Compact shell dimensions for restricted cockpit fitment
• Mounting: Side-mount configuration (hardware sold separately)

The Sparco EVO S QRT racing seat is engineered for drivers who require a compact, performance-oriented fit. Utilizing Sparco's patented QRT (Quick Resin Technology), this seat features a lightweight shell designed to maintain structural rigidity while reducing overall mass.

The EVO S profile is specifically tailored for smaller drivers, offering enhanced lateral support and better containment during high-performance driving. Its narrow footprint makes it an ideal solution for cockpits where interior space is limited.

• Brand: Sparco
• Series: EVO S QRT
• Part Number: 008024RNR
• Shell Technology: QRT (Quick Resin Technology)
• Sizing: EVO S (Small)
• Application: Competition use

The Sparco Circuit QRT is an advanced competition seat designed for drivers who require integrated head protection without sacrificing space in compact cockpits. Utilizing Sparco's patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT), this seat achieves a significant weight reduction—up to 30% compared to traditional fiberglass shells—while maintaining the high structural rigidity required for professional racing.

• Quick Resin Technology (QRT): Aerospace-inspired manufacturing process ensures an ultra-lightweight shell and consistent material thickness.
• Integrated Head Protection: The "halo" design provides critical lateral support and limits head movement during side-impact scenarios.
• Compact Fitment: Engineered with a narrower profile specifically to fit into smaller touring and rally car cockpits where clearance is limited.
• Non-Slip Fabric: Specialized grip material on the shoulders and seat base helps maintain optimal driving position under high G-loads.
• Harness Compatibility: Features five large harness slots to accommodate various multi-point restraint systems.
• Manufacturer Part Number: 008019RNR

The Sparco PRO 2000 QRT (008016RNR) is a professional-grade competition seat engineered for maximum lateral support and driver comfort. By utilizing Sparco's patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT), this seat provides the structural rigidity of a fiberglass shell with a weight profile approaching that of carbon fiber. It remains one of the most versatile seats in the Sparco lineup, designed to fit medium-sized drivers while offering superior containment during high-G cornering.

• QRT (Quick Resin Technology) manufacturing reduces shell weight significantly while maintaining high strength
• Adjustable lumbar support pads allow for a customized fit tailored to the driver
• Non-slip fabric on the shoulders and seat base helps maintain a stable driving position
• Deep side bolsters provide exceptional lateral containment in track environments
• Dual-mount design supports both M8 side mounts and bottom mounting configurations
• FIA 8855-1999 homologated for sanctioned competition use
• Manufacturer Part Number: 008016RNR

The Sparco Pro 2000 QRT Martini-Racing competition seat blends iconic motorsport heritage with modern weight-saving technology. Engineered using Sparco's proprietary Quick Resin Technology (QRT), this fiberglass shell seat offers a significant weight reduction compared to traditional composite seats while maintaining the high structural rigidity required for professional racing.

The Pro 2000 QRT is designed for maximum driver support, featuring deep side bolsters and adjustable lumbar cushions to ensure a precise fit. The non-slip fabric on the shoulders and seat base keeps the driver securely positioned during high-G cornering. This special edition navy blue finish features the legendary Martini Racing stripes, making it a perfect functional upgrade for period-correct builds or modern track cars.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 008016RMRBM
• QRT (Quick Resin Technology) lightweight fiberglass shell
• Official Martini Racing livery in Navy Blue
• Deep side bolsters for lateral support
• Adjustable lumbar support cushions
• Non-slip fabric on key contact areas
• Side and bottom mounting options for versatile installation

The Sparco EVO XL QRT racing seat is engineered for larger drivers who require maximum safety and support without the weight penalty of traditional fiberglass shells. Utilizing Sparco's patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT), this seat achieves a significant weight reduction—comparable to carbon fiber—while maintaining the high-strength characteristics of a fiberglass composite structure.

Designed for ergonomic precision, the EVO XL features a wider shell profile and deep side bolsters to keep the driver securely planted during high-G cornering. The seat is upholstered in fire-retardant fabric with integrated non-slip material at the shoulders and base to minimize body movement. It utilizes standard side-mount points for seamless integration into most racing cockpits.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 008015RNR
• QRT (Quick Resin Technology) fiberglass shell construction
• XL sizing specifically for larger driver profiles
• Non-slip fabric patches on shoulders and seat base
• FIA 8855-1999 certified for competition use
• Low-profile bottom cushion for better seating position

Bring professional racing ergonomics to your sim racing setup with the Sparco Gaming Seat Evo XL. Designed specifically for users who require a wider seat profile, the Evo XL maintains the aggressive lateral support and deep bolsters of the legendary Evo competition series. This gaming-specific model features a lightweight fiberglass shell and high-grip fabric designed to keep you comfortable and planted during long-duration sessions.

• Series: Evo XL Gaming
• Color: Black
• Shell Material: Lightweight fiberglass construction
• Sizing: XL (Extra Large) width for improved comfort and fitment
• Mounting: Side-mount configuration for sim-rig compatibility
• Intended Use: Sim racing and gaming applications (Not FIA certified for vehicle use)
• Manufacturer Part Number: 008015GNR

The Sparco EVO L QRT (008013RNR) is a high-performance fiberglass racing seat engineered for drivers who require a larger shell without sacrificing weight or rigidity. Developed using Sparco’s patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT), this seat achieves significant weight reduction compared to traditional fiberglass shells, bringing it closer to the performance of carbon fiber while maintaining a competitive price point.

• QRT Manufacturing: Patented resin technology reduces shell weight by up to 30% while maintaining structural integrity.
• Large Fitment: The EVO L profile features a wider shell design compared to the standard EVO to accommodate larger driver frames comfortably.
• Grip & Support: Features non-slip fabric on the shoulders and seat base to minimize driver movement during high-lateral G-force maneuvers.
• Harness Compatibility: Large harness slots accommodate various multi-point racing harnesses and are fully Hans device compatible.
• Mounting: Designed for side-mount installation using M8 threaded holes (brackets sold separately).

This universal-fit competition seat is a staple in professional road racing, time attack, and drifting, providing the precise lateral support and feedback required at the limit.

The Sparco Gaming Seat Evo L brings the legendary ergonomics and lateral support of the professional Evo racing shell to your sim racing rig or office workspace. Finished in a durable black fabric, this seat is designed to provide the authentic feel of a motorsport seat while ensuring comfort during extended sessions.

• Series: Evo L (Large shell profile)
• Color: Black
• Primary Use: Sim racing, gaming, and office environments
• Part Number: 008013GNR

Modeled after the iconic Sparco Evo competition seat, the Gaming Seat Evo L features deep side bolsters and integrated shoulder support to maintain a proper ergonomic posture. The "L" designation indicates a larger shell size, offering a more accommodating fit while maintaining the secure, locked-in feel that Sparco seats are known for worldwide.

The Sparco QRT-R 2019 racing seat utilizes patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT) to produce an ultra-lightweight fiberglass shell that approaches the weight of a carbon fiber seat while maintaining the price point of fiberglass. This medium-large fit seat is designed to offer maximum lateral support and driver stability during high-G maneuvers.

• Developed using aerospace-grade QRT technology for a significant reduction in shell weight.
• Durable fire-retardant fabric in Red with non-slip material at the shoulders and base.
• Specifically shaped for a comfortable fit even in narrower cockpit environments.
• Designed for use with 4, 5, or 6-point harnesses.
• Manufacturer Part Number: 008012RRS.

Note: This seat is engineered specifically for use with Sparco 600QRT side mount brackets. Proper installation requires these mounts to ensure correct alignment and seat integrity.

The Sparco QRT Performance racing seat combines professional-grade motorsport technology with premium upholstery. Engineered using Sparco's patented QRT (Quick Resin Technology), the shell achieves a significant reduction in weight without compromising the structural rigidity or safety required for high-performance driving. This manufacturing process allows for a fiberglass shell that is nearly as light as carbon fiber but at a more accessible price point.

Finished in a striking red, the seat features a combination of high-grade leather on the bolsters for long-term durability and genuine Alcantara inserts to provide maximum driver grip and breathability. The ergonomic design is shaped to provide excellent lateral support during high-G cornering while remaining comfortable for extended sessions. This seat is a direct replacement for factory buckets in track-day builds and high-performance street vehicles.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 008012RPRS
• Construction: Lightweight QRT fiberglass shell
• Upholstery: Premium Red Leather with Alcantara inserts
• Mounting Requirement: Must use Sparco 600QRT specific side mounts for installation
• Compatibility: Designed for use with multi-point racing harnesses

The Sparco QRT Performance seat bridges the gap between professional racing equipment and high-end automotive interiors. Utilizing patented Quick Resin Technology (QRT), this seat offers a lightweight fiberglass shell that approaches the weight of carbon fiber while maintaining superior structural rigidity. It is upholstered in a combination of premium black leather and Alcantara for a durable, high-grip finish that withstands the rigors of performance driving.

• Patented QRT manufacturing process reduces shell weight by up to 30% compared to standard fiberglass.
• Ergonomic shell geometry designed to provide optimal support and comfort during high-lateral-G maneuvers.
• Premium upholstery featuring black leather bolsters and breathable Alcantara inserts.
• Manufacturer Part Number: 008012RPNR.
• Installation Note: This seat requires the Sparco 600QRT side mount bracket for proper installation and safety compliance.

The Sparco Grid QRT Sky competition seat is engineered for racers who demand lightweight performance and a customizable fit. Utilizing Sparco's patented QRT (Quick Resin Tech) manufacturing process, the fiberglass shell achieves a weight reduction of approximately 30% compared to traditional fiberglass seats without sacrificing structural rigidity. The "Sky" designation indicates a durable, washable synthetic leather (vinyl) upholstery, making it exceptionally well-suited for off-road use or open-cockpit vehicles.

Unlike traditional fixed-back seats, the Grid QRT features a series of individual, velcro-attached cushions. This modular padding system allows the driver to reposition or remove sections to create a tailored ergonomic fit. The high lateral bolsters and deep seating pocket provide maximum driver retention during high-G cornering.

• Construction: Lightweight QRT fiberglass shell.
• Upholstery: High-grip "Sky" synthetic leather (vinyl) for easy cleaning and weather resistance.
• Customization: Multiple removable padding segments for personalized driver ergonomics.
• Mounting: Designed for side-mount brackets.
• Safety Standard: FIA 8855-1999 certified.
• Manufacturer Part Number: 008009RNRSKY

The Sparco EVO QRT SKY is a professional competition seat engineered for drivers who demand durability without sacrificing performance. This seat utilizes Sparco’s Quick Resin Technology (QRT) to achieve a lightweight fiberglass shell that significantly reduces overall vehicle weight while maintaining FIA-certified structural rigidity.

Upholstered in a premium, water-resistant "SKY" synthetic leather, this model is specifically designed for off-road use, open-top vehicles, or any racing environment where exposure to the elements is likely. The material allows for easy cleaning and maintenance while the non-slip fabric on the shoulders and base ensures the driver remains securely planted during high-lateral-G maneuvers.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 008007RNRSKY
• Lightweight QRT fiberglass shell construction
• Water-resistant synthetic leather (vinyl) upholstery for easy maintenance
• FIA 8855-1999 safety rating
• Large harness slots to accommodate various driver heights
• Low-profile seat cushion for improved tactile feedback and lower center of gravity
• Designed for use with side-mount brackets

Fits select 1992-2001 Honda Civic and Acura Integra models (European Market fitment only; not compatible with USDM chassis).

This Sparco seat base (Part #00499092) provides a stable and vehicle-specific mounting platform for installing aftermarket racing seats. Designed for the driver's side (left), this base is engineered to bolt directly to the factory floor mounting points, ensuring structural integrity and proper seat alignment without the need for custom fabrication.

• Specifically engineered for the left-hand (driver) side seat mounting
• Utilizes factory mounting points for a direct-fit installation
• Required for the installation of Sparco seat sliders and side mounts
• Durable steel construction for maximum rigidity and safety
• Manufacturer Part Number: 00499092
• Note: This seat base is designed exclusively for European-market vehicles

Fits European market 1991-2000 BMW 3-Series E36 and M3 models (Not for USDM).

This Sparco seat base provides a rigid, vehicle-specific mounting platform for installing aftermarket seats. Engineered specifically for the European chassis, this base facilitates the secure installation of seat sliders or side mounts while maintaining proper alignment within the cabin. Unlike side-specific brackets, this unit is designed to work on either the Left or Right side of the vehicle, offering versatility for both driver and passenger seat upgrades.

Important Fitment Note: This component is manufactured for European market vehicles only and will not fit North American (USDM) E36 models due to floor pan and mounting point differences.

• Manufacturer Part Number: 00499078
• Orientation: Fits both Left (Driver) or Right (Passenger) sides
• Market: European Spec Only (Non-USDM)
• Construction: Vehicle-specific steel mounting base

Fitment Applications:

• 1991-1997 BMW 318is Base
• 1995-1999 BMW 318ti Base
• 1999-2000 BMW 323i Base
• 1998-1999 BMW 323is Base
• 1992-1995 BMW 325i Base
• 1992-1995 BMW 325is Base
• 1996-1998 BMW 328i Base
• 1996-1999 BMW 328is Base
• 1995-1999 BMW M3 Base
• 1995 BMW M3 Lightweight

The Sparco Base Side Mount to Sliders adapter kit provides a secure, engineered interface for installing side-mount racing seats onto seat sliders. These brackets are essential for drivers who require the fore-and-aft adjustability of a slider mechanism while utilizing the rigid support of a professional-grade side-mount bucket seat.

Designed to integrate seamlessly with Sparco seat tracks and most aftermarket side-mount seats, these mounts maintain a low-profile installation to help optimize the driver's center of gravity and helmet clearance. The 00497RACE is built to withstand the rigors of performance driving, ensuring your seat remains stable and correctly positioned under heavy lateral loads.

• Bridges the gap between side-mounting seats and bottom-mounting sliders
• Allows for adjustable seat positioning in competition or street applications
• Precision-engineered for a direct interface with Sparco seat track systems
• Manufacturer Part Number: 00497RACE

The Sparco Universal Flat Seat Track Slider Set (MPN: 00493) provides smooth and reliable fore-and-aft adjustment for your aftermarket performance seats. Designed for a low-profile installation, these sliders allow you to fine-tune your driving position for better ergonomics and control, whether on the track or the street.

• Dual-locking mechanism ensures the seat remains securely in place during high-G cornering and heavy braking.
• Universal flat design is compatible with most Sparco seats and aftermarket seat brackets.
• High-strength steel construction for long-lasting durability and safety.
• Includes one pair of rails (enough for one seat) and the required adjustment handle.
• Manufacturer Part Number: 00493.

Note: While these sliders are universal, vehicle-specific seat brackets are typically required for a complete installation to your floor pan. Professional installation is recommended to ensure proper alignment and prevent binding.